Abstract: Interspecific plant–soil feedback (PSF)—the influence of soil conditioned by one plant species on another—is key to ecosystem processes but remains challenging to predict due to complex factors like species origin and phylogenetic relatedness. These aspects are underexplored, limiting our understanding of the mechanisms driving PSFs and their broader implications for ecosystem functioning and species coexistence. To shed light on the role of plant species origin and phylogenetic distance in interspecific PSFs, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with 10 native responding species and soils conditioned by 10 native and 10 exotic species resulting in 20 species pairs. These pairs represented a range of phylogenetic distances between both species, spanning up to 270 million years of evolutionary history since their last common ancestor. Conditioning by both native and exotic species reduced biomass production, with stronger inhibition observed for native-conditioned soils. Native-conditioned soils also exhibited lower phosphorus levels, higher basal and specific respiration, and greater cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and magnesium content compared to exotic-conditioned soils. Contrary to expectations, phylogenetic distance did not influence PSFs, regardless of conditioning species origin. Our findings suggest that co-evolution drives native plants to foster microbial communities with low carbon-use efficiency, highlighting soil biota’s critical role in PSFs. This advances our understanding of interactions between plant species origin and microbial communities and underlines the importance of microbial management for promoting native species and controlling invasives. The lack of phylogenetic distance effects aligns with prior studies, indicating evolutionary relatedness alone does not reliably predict PSF outcomes.

Key words: co-evolution, enemy release hypothesis, greenhouse experiment, microbial respiration, native vs. exotic, plant–soil interactions, soil microorganisms