Abstract: Leaf nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (N:P) has widely been used to determine plant N and P limitations at community or larger scales. However, the underlying physiological mechanism of this rule of thumb has seldom been explored. Here we quantify how leaf P fractions vary with leaf N:P, and estimate the critical values and dynamics of leaf P fractions along the N:P gradient—from N limitation to P limitation, based on data collected from 143 species in peer-reviewed literature. As leaf N:P increases, all P-fraction concentrations decline, with lipid P, inorganic P, and residual P concentrations showing steeper declines than total P; the allocation-proportion ratios of metabolic P, nucleic acid P, and lipid P shift from approximately ≤3:3:9 (corresponding to N:P≤10), to 3:3:5 (N:P=15), and to ≥3:3:3 (N:P≥20). These findings suggest that most leaf P-fraction concentrations are more sensitive than total P to leaf N:P variations, and reveal complicated P-use strategies of coordination (metabolic P vs. nucleic acid P) and trade-off (lipid P vs. metabolic P and nucleic acid P). This study provides a physiological explanation for using leaf N:P ratio as a nutritional diagnosis, and helps to better understand plant adaptive P-use strategies across diverse N and P availability conditions.

Key words: leaf phosphorus fractions, leaf nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (N:P), nitrogen and phosphorus limitation, phosphorus use strategy, nutritional diagnosis, trait coordination/trade-off