Afforestation is helpful to improve soil functions and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in semiarid deserts. However, the fine-scale (around a single plant) spatial distribution of SOC and its liable organic carbon (LOC) fractions after afforestation in semiarid deserts are poorly understood. Pinus sylvestris and Salix psammophila afforested on shifting sandy land (S_land) were selected to quantify fine-scale (at 20, 80, 150 and 240 cm away from the trees) spatial distribution of SOC and its LOC fractions in the southeast edge of Mu Us Desert, China. The results showed that the afforested S. psammophila and P. sylvestris significantly increased SOC, total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and readily oxidized organic carbon (ROOC). At 20 cm distance, SOC storage of P. sylvestris was 27.21% higher than S. psammophila in 0–100 cm soil layers, and SOC storage of S. psammophila at 80 and 150 cm distances was 5.50% and 5.66% higher than P. sylvestris, respectively. Compared with S_land, SOC storage under S. psammophila and P. sylvestris significantly increased by 94.90%, 39.50%, 27.10% and 18.50% at 20, 80, 150 and 240 cm distance, respectively. ROOC accounted for 14.09% and 18.93% of SOC under S. psammophila and P. sylvestris, respectively. Our results suggest that afforestation can promote SOC accumulation at different distances from the plants, and that P. sylvestris allocates more organic matter to the closer soil compared with S. psammophila (<80 cm from the tree).